I have read only Chap. 10 on the slave trade. This is an extremely useful secondary source. Have given only 4 stars because of secondary nature.

The OCR leaves quite a bit to be desired. I've corrected misread letters in Chap. 10 as follows (don't know how else to submit it):

58 LIFE OF DAVID LIVINGSTONE.
CHAPTER X.
THE SLAVE-TRADE.
IT could not have been easy for Dr. Livingstone to take
up his work again, but how he was able to do it at all
may be inferred from these words, written at the time to his
friend, Eev. Mr. Waller, of the Universities' Mission
:
" Thanks for your kind sympathy. In return, I say, cherish
exalted thoughts of the great work you have undertaken.
It is a work which, if faithful, you will look back on with
satisfaction while the eternal ages roll on their everlasting
course. The devil will do all he can to hinder you by efforts
from without and from within, but remember Him who is
with you, and will be with you alway."
As soon as he was able to brace himself for his work, he
undertook the task of helping to put the Lady Nyassa
together, and to launch her. This was achieved about the
last of June, 1862, to the great astonishment of the natives,
who could not comprehend how iron should float. This was
an excellent steamboat, and could she have been got to the
lake would have done well. But unhappily the rainy season
had passed, and this could not now be accomphshed until
December. Here was another great disappointment. In the
meantime Livingstone again took up the explorations in
which he had been engaged when he went with Bishop
Mackenzie to help him settle. He hoped to find a water-way
to Nyassa beyond the dominion of the Portuguese, but
failed. It appeared best to reach the lake by the Zambesi
and Shiré, but it was not until early in 1863 that they were

LIFE OF DAVID LIVINGSTONE, 69
able to renew the ascent of these rivers, with the Lady
Nyassa in tow.
Dr. Livingstone had seen from the very outset the necessity
of securing the cooperation of the Portuguese, who
were in possession of the coast at the mouth of the Zambesi,
and he had succeeded in obtaining from the king of Portugal
the amplest assurances of sympathy and aid. Public
instructions had been given to all Portuguese officials in
Africa that all needful help should be given him. The actual
policy of these officials was, however, quite the reverse of
this, and they seemed bent upon thwarting in every possible
way his noble endeavors to suppress that infamous traffic
which brought them their wealth. Still more than this, it
seemed as if his labors, instead of suppressing this terrible
slave-trade, were actually helping it forward. As fast as he
opened up the country slave-traders followed in his track,
sometimes gaining the confidence of the unsuspecting natives
by saying that they were Livingstone's children!
Now as the exploring party ascended the river the desolation
was heart-breaking. Corpses floated past them in such
numbers that the paddle-wheels had to be cleared from them
every morning. " Wherever we took a walk, human skeletons
were seen in every direction, and it was painfully interesting
to observe the different postures in which the poor
wretches had breathed their last. . . Many had ended
their misery under shady trees, others under projecting crags
in the hills, while others lay in their huts with closed doors,
which when opened disclosed the mouldering corpse with the
poor rags around the loins, the skull fallen off the pillow, the
little skeleton of the child, that had perished first, rolled up
in a mat between two large skeletons. The sight of this
desert, but eighteen months ago a well-peopled valley, now

60 LIFE OF DAYID LIVINGSTONE.
literally strewn with human bones, forced the conviction
upon us that the destruction of human life in the middle
passage, however great, constitutes but a small portion of the
waste, and made us feel that unless the slave-trade — that
monster iniquity which has so long brooded over Africa — is
put down, lawful commerce cannot be established."
At first Dr. Livingstone had been somewhat inclined to
think that the enormities of the slave-trade were sometimes
exaggerated. - Now he was convinced that they were
“beyond exaggeration.”
Sometimes he was able to set the captives free, as on the
journey to Loanda, which was begun by a blessed act of
humanity, as he boldly summoned a trader to release a band
of captives, so that eighteen souls were restored to freedom
who else would have been miserable slaves. On another
occasion, also previous to this time, he and his companions
had rescued a slave-party of manacled men, women and children.
Each man had his neck in the fork of a stout
stick six or seven feet long, and kept in by an iron rod riveted
at both ends across the throat. With a saw one by one the
men were sawed out into freedom. Many of the party were
children about five years old or even less. Two women had
been shot the day before for attempting to untie the thongs,
in order that the rest might be intimidated ; one woman had
had her infant's brains knocked out because she could not
carry both it and her load, and a man was despatched with
an axe because he had broken down with fatigue. Eightyfour,
chiefly women and children, were set free ; and on
being told that they might go where they pleased, or remain
with their liberators, they all chose to stay ; and the bishop
wisely attached them to the mission, then just opened, to be
educated as members of a Christian family. In this way a

LIFE OF DAVID LIVINGSTONE. 61
great difficulty in the establishment of a mission was overcome,
for years are usually required to instil such confidence
into the natives' minds as to induce them — in any large
numbers at least — to submit to the guidance of strangers.
But while the release of slaves on their way to the coast
was sometimes effected, more frequently either it could not
be accomplished, or it was felt to be unwise, as the helpless
victims of the slave-agent were likely, if rescued, to fall again
into his pitiless hands, when their last state would inevitably
be worse than their first.
A few extracts from Livingstone's books, The Zambesi
and its Tributaries and the Last Journals will give added
reason for his intense feeling on this subject
:
"The assertion has been risked, because no one was in a
condition to deny it, that the slave-trade was like any other
branch of commerce, subject to the law of supply and
demand, and that therefore it ought to be free. From what
we have seen, it involves so much of murder in it as an essential
element, that it can scarcely be allowed to remain in the
catalogue of commerce, any more than garroting, thuggee,
or piracy."
''June 26th, 1866.—We passed a slave woman shot or
stabbed through the body, and lying on the path. It was
said an Arab who passed early that morning had done it in
anger at losing the price he had given for her, because she
was unable to walk any longer."
"June 27th.— To-day we came upon a man dead from
starvation, as he was very thin. One of our men wandered
and found a number of slaves with slave-sticks on, abandoned
by their master for want of food. They were too weak to
be able to speak or say where they had come from ; some
were quite young."

62 LIFE OF DAVID LIVINGSTONE.
“Not more than one in five ever reach the ‘kind masters’
in Cuba and elsewhere, whom, according to slave-owners'
interpretation of Scripture, Providence intended for them."
“We had a long discussion about the slave-trade. The
Arabs have told the chief that our object in capturing slaves
is to get them into our own possession and make them of our
own religion. The evils which we have seen, the skulls, the
ruined villages, the numbers who perish on the way to the
coast and on the sea, the wholesale murders committed by
the Waiyau to build up Arab villages elsewhere —these
things Mukaté often tried to turn off with a laugh, but our
remarks are safely lodged in many hearts. Next day, as we
went along, our guides spontaneously delivered their substance
to the different villages along our route. ... It
is but little we can do ; but we lodge a protest in the heart
against a vile system, and time may ripen it. Their great
argument is : ‘What could we do without Arab cloth?’ My
answer is : ‘Do what you did before the Arabs came into .the
country.’ At the present rate of destruction of population,
the whole country will soon be a desert.”
“The strangest disease I have seen in this country seems
really to be broken-heartedness, and it attacks free men who
have been captured and made slaves. Speaking with many
who died from it, they ascribed their only pain to the heart,
and placed the hand correctly on the spot, though many
think that the organ stands high up under the breast-bone
Some slavers expressed surprise to me that they should die,
seeing they had plenty to eat and no work. ... It
seems to be really broken hearts of which they die."
Dr. Livingstone's servants afterwards said in answer to
questions, that the sufferings of these captives were terrible.
Many died because it was impossible for them to carry a

LIFE OF DAVID LIVINGSTONE. 63
burden on the head while marching in the heavy yoke, which
weighs usually from thirty to forty pounds. Children for a
time would keep up with wonderful endurance ; but sometimes
the sound of dancing and the merry tinkle of the small
drums would fall on their ears in passing near to a village;
then the memory of home and happy days proved too much
for them ; they cried and sobbed, the "broken heart" came
on, and they rapidly sank. The adults, as a rule, never had
been slaves before, and were so now only through treachery.
The Arabs would often promise a present to villagers if they
would act as guides to some distant point. As soon as they
were far enough from their friends, they were seized and
pinned into the slave-sticks, or yokes, from which there was
no escape. These poor fellows would die, as stated above,
talking to the last of their wives and children, who would
never know what became of them.
Much more might be quoted in regard to this fearful
traffic in humanity, but one more extract will suffice:
“When endeavoring to give some account of the slave-trade
of East Africa, it was necessary to keep far within the truth,
in order not to be thought guilty of exaggeration, but, in
sober seriousness, the subject does not admit of exaggeration.
To overdraw its evils is a simple impossibility. The sights I
have seen, though common incidents of the traffic, are so
nauseous that I always strive to drive them from memory.
In the case of most disagreeable recollections I can succeed,
in time, in consigning them to oblivion ; but the slavery
scenes come back unbidden, and make me start up at night,
horrified by their vividness."